The Spanish Pavilion for Expo 2025 Osaka, or as its designers have described it, "the construction of a landscape," is a landscape that dialogues with the setting sun, a symbol shared by Spain and Japan. The project was carried out by the team of architectural firms Enorme Studio, Smart and Green Design, and Néstor Montenegro Mateos, grouped under Kuroshio Osaka 2025.

Expo 2025 Osaka, which has been deployed on an artificial island in Osaka Bay, occupies an area of ​​155 hectares and is organised into three main areas: Pavilion World, Green World, and Water World. Pavilion World, with an area of ​​65 hectares, is divided into three thematic zones: Saving Lives, Empowering Lives, and Connecting Lives. In this last area, located in the northern part of the "Great Ring" and dedicated to exploring human connections, is the Spanish Pavilion at the site's north end.

The pavilion is located on a plot of approximately 3,500 square meters, elongated rectangular, widening towards the main facade that faces the Grand Ring and narrowing towards the rear of the Pavilion that faces the "Forest of Tranquility", in a strategic position next to one of the main avenues of the venue and very close to the two main entrances of the event, having as neighbors pavilions such as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia pavilion, designed by Foster + Partners.

The pavilion, designed by Enorme Studio, Smart and Green Design, and Néstor Montenegro Mateos, breaks with the image of a "monumental building," eludes the idea of ​​colossal architecture, and proposes a pavilion that reconstructs a landscape. It generates a welcoming space, a public plaza, a meeting space reminiscent of the Spanish Steps in Rome.

The façade demonstrates the integration of technology and crafts such as ceramics. The effort to capture the depth of the ocean through a gradient of colors and the brilliance of sunlight, as well as the light reflections achieved through the textured surface of the ceramics, is evident.

The pavilion is built with a wooden portico structure that is repeated up to 40 times at different heights, shaping the building's various interior volumes. This repetition of porticos creates one of the pavilion's most distinctive architectural elements: the atrium in the waiting room. This space is designed to protect itself from rain and sunlight while maintaining a constant connection with the outside environment.

The building was constructed with natural and sustainable materials with low environmental impact, including those derived from reuse and recycling processes.

Spanish Pavilion for Expo 2025 Osaka by Kuroshio Osaka 2025. Photograph by Arch-Exist.

Spanish Pavilion for Expo 2025 Osaka by Kuroshio Osaka 2025. Photograph by Arch-Exist.

The issue chosen, to programmatically organise the pavilion's contents, is "The Kuroshio Current," inspired by the ocean current that allowed the Basque navigator and missionary Andrés de Urdaneta to chart the strategic return route from Asia to the Americas. For nearly three centuries, this route served as a cultural channel and commercial exchange, fostering prosperity between the two continents.

Familiar to the Japanese during their voyages and first used by the Spanish navigator Andrés de Urdaneta (Guipúzcoa) in 1565 to navigate the route from the Philippines to New Spain, it long served as the key to completing the circumnavigation of the globe to the East and creating one of the most prolific routes for cultural exchange and fusion. The Kuroshio Current (Black Current) is the most powerful current in the Pacific; it originates off Taiwan, washes the coasts of Japan, and reaches as far as the Americas.

The Kuroshio current uses the ocean and the sun as images to inspire the architecture of the Spanish Pavilion, because they are the most important resources of our planet and symbolize the universal, and also because they allude to a collective identity that has been forged by our geography as a peninsula celebrating a way of life, the Spanish one, intimately linked to our environment and strongly linked to the sea and the sun, a country open to its visitors.

Spanish Pavilion for Expo 2025 Osaka by Kuroshio Osaka 2025. Photograph by Arch-Exist.  Pabellón de España para la Expo 2025 de Osaka por Kuroshio Osaka 2025. Fotografía por Arch-Exist.

Spanish Pavilion for Expo 2025 Osaka by Kuroshio Osaka 2025. Photograph by Arch-Exist.

The Pavilion is organised into three distinct areas:

"The Arrival or Plaza del Sol": placing one's feet in the sea.

The visitor's first visual impact is upon arrival through the almost horizontal main façade. This serves as an entrance, a carpet welcoming visitors and leading them into the Pavilion through the reflection of the sun, the rising sun of Japan and the setting sun of Spain. Thus, access to the Pavilion becomes a grand climb to the grand stage before the exhibition. On this floor, we find the garden, the staircase with furniture for relaxation, the atrium with the waiting area, the large screen, a stage, and access control to the exhibition box.

Pabellón de España para la Expo 2025 de Osaka por Kuroshio Osaka 2025. Fotografía por Arch-Exist

Spanish Pavilion for Expo 2025 Osaka by Kuroshio Osaka 2025. Photograph by Arch-Exist.

"The development of the exhibition": immersion in the depths of the ocean.

The Pavilion's exhibition content is concentrated in a large box, a very simple element articulated by a large ramp that allows the entire immersive experience to unfold.

In addition to the exhibition box, this floor contains the technical spaces dedicated to the Pavilion's services: kitchens, changing rooms, storage, and office space.

Spanish Pavilion for Expo 2025 Osaka by Kuroshio Osaka 2025. Photograph by Arch-Exist.  Pabellón de España para la Expo 2025 de Osaka por Kuroshio Osaka 2025. Fotografía por Arch-Exist.

Spanish Pavilion for Expo 2025 Osaka by Kuroshio Osaka 2025. Photograph by Arch-Exist.

"The Exit": We ascend back to the surface, the coast, and the beaches.

The Pavilion, on this floor, offers the possibility of connecting the Forest of Tranquility with the Grand Ring, generating a flow of people between the north and south sides of the Pavilion, inviting visitors to freely move through the interior of the Pavilion and spontaneously participating in the activities taking place on this level, which includes the multipurpose room, the restaurant, the shop, the cocktail bar, and access to the administrative building and VIP area.

 

THE VISITOR EXPERIENCE
The visitor's immersive experience is informed by the two great elements that make up the building: the sun and the ocean. The seemingly tranquil setting of the building's facade presents a reflected sun, a sunrise or sunset, the two parts of this sun symbolizing Spain and Japan (East and West), united in a single moment. This contact of the sun with the ocean and this apparent tranquility conceal a complex system of underwater currents beneath, which are the main driving force behind regulating the planet's balance.

The exhibition's discourse begins on the façade because it brings together all the essential ingredients of the message intended to be conveyed by the Pavilion and its graphic identity. The logo also draws on this architectural experience and content through three layers: the sun, the oceans, and the national image reflected in the red and yellow colors of the sun, combined with the blue of the oceans.

The overall experience, from the moment the visitor enters the façade until they reach the exit, is divided into four parts:

· Plaza del Sol: The waiting area represents the sun reflected in the water, a bright and warm space enlivened by audiovisual displays and live performances.
· Currents toward the Future: A dark space in which we sense a series of audiovisual currents that transport us to the depths of the sea, where we will discover content linked to the blue economy and our country's relationship with the sea.
· Greetings from Spain. Our journey concludes by taking us to Spain, with a festive and colorful immersive audiovisual space showcasing our customs, landscapes, and cuisine.
· A diverse Spain: a journey through the diversity of our autonomous communities.

1.- PLAZA DEL SOL: WAITING AREA AND QUEUES
The waiting area is designed as a space inspired by the Spanish concept of the square, as a place where traffic coexists with daily life, culture, and a sense of community where everyone is welcome. Two resources will be used:

A large LED screen showing original audiovisual pieces by artists committed to sustainability and the 2030 agenda, created especially for the occasion.

A stage that will host daily performances, a conceptual recreation of what can be found in a square anywhere in Spain, all under the theme of the sun, the true center of daily life in a country where it shines for more than 3,000 hours a year. The place will serve as an introduction to our pace of life, with a human scale that has made us one of the great tourist destinations.

2.- CURRENTS TOWARD THE FUTURE: EXHIBITION CONTENT AREA
We leave the sun behind and delve into the depths of the ocean.
The heart of the Pavilion's exhibition revolves around the idea of ​​ocean currents, based on the Kuroshio current, which played a fundamental role in connecting Spain with Asia and America as a means of civilization and cultural and economic exchange. Ocean currents are one of the most powerful forces in the mechanism that makes the Earth work.

Currents of thought, artistic currents, social currents, currents of energy… Currents mark constant movement, permanent adaptation to change, and the search for new paths. They are synonymous with communication and the exchange of information, the transfer of data and knowledge.

All of this content is materialized through different audiovisual segments that envelop visitors and project messages highlighting the importance of the oceans for the balance of our planet in English, Japanese, and all our national languages.

· A look into the future: In reference to the area where the Spanish Pavilion is located, Connecting Lives, there will be a moment when the streams of messages transform into streams of people moving forward together; a moment of calm and reflection amidst the speed and sense of continuous change.

The streams of people embody the forward momentum, in a shared direction, a meeting point between communities, the fabric of energy and life that envelops the planet. A reflection of the society we want to build.

As visitors walk through the space wrapped in this system of streams, they will pass through nine capsules of content related to the Blue Economy, from different perspectives. Various technological resources, combining sensorial experience with educational and scientific information, will position Spain as a leader for a sustainable future.

· Currents that unite
The phrase "The Kuroshio current, a powerful invisible thread and creator of civilization, united Spain and Japan centuries ago" greets visitors, laying the groundwork for the entire tour.

· One World
A large LED sphere, suspended in space, reminds us of the importance of ocean currents in the balance of our planet, and more particularly in the climates of Japan and Spain, which thus appear integrated into the larger global framework.

· Kuroshio
This space is dedicated to the meeting that inaugurated relations between Spain and Japan, which originated in the rescue of the shipwrecked victims of the sinking of the Spanish galleon San Francisco off the coast of the village of Onjuku in 1609, rescued by traditional fisherwomen, the amas. This event paved the way for a Japanese embassy, ​​the first official one in Europe, to visit the Spanish Court and the Vatican between 1613 and 1620. Through images, installations, and objects, we recall events that not only had historical significance but also left a mark on the popular imagination of both nations.

Surrounded by Water
Spain is the country with the largest number of Biosphere Reserves in the world. A multi-screen audiovisual installation will explore the most important marine ecosystems in Spain and their successful protection policies.

A Pirate's Story
The historic ruling in 2012 by a US court that recognized Spanish ownership of the cargo of the frigate Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes, sunk by the English in the waters of the Strait of Gibraltar, and whose remains had been plundered by the treasure hunting company Oddisey, marked a global milestone in the protection of underwater heritage. Since then, it has been recognized for its cultural and historical value and, therefore, deserving of the highest protection. A path in which Spain is at the forefront.

This story inspired our National Comic Award winner, Paco Roca, and his cartoons will guide us through his own vision of what happened through a series of totems featuring a selection of his cartoons. At the same time, this fictional perspective will maintain a dialogue with the audiovisual translation created by Alejandro Amenábar in the series La Fortuna, as well as with the real images offered at the time by the media and the subsequent conservation and dissemination of this valuable material carried out by various institutions of the Spanish Government. This work has also sought to connect the Latin American countries involved in those long routes that united interconnected peoples and societies.

· The Cities of the Sea
Ports have historically been hubs of civilization and contact between different cultures. Today, they represent the main places through which goods circulate, allowing us to achieve levels of well-being and development never before seen in history. They are also places where strategies are being developed to reduce the impact of all this activity.

At this point in the tour, the visitor enters an installation that stops at the Port of the Bay of Algeciras, one of the most important maritime traffic hubs in the Mediterranean, and how Spain is working to reduce the carbon footprint of transport management in its ports.

· Boost for the Future
Spain has embraced the enormous potential that its territory, as well as its geographical location, offers for the development of renewable energies, essential both for achieving European energy independence and for reducing the use of other sources based on fossil fuels. This installation focuses on one of the lines of exploration for a sustainable energy source of the future: floating offshore wind power, in which Spain is present in Japan through a wind farm project off the coast of Akita. With a nod to the figure of Don Quixote, inextricably linked to windmills and enormously popular in the Land of the Rising Sun, various lines of work regarding this technology are presented, as well as a look at what its future scenarios may hold.

· Living Technology
The oceans are proving to be the place where it will be possible to find the resources that will allow us to gradually replace polluting materials that leave a large carbon footprint. In the life that inhabits them, we can find principles and strategies that will facilitate our shift toward a much more sustainable way of life and that will even open new avenues for the development of drugs and applications that will improve our quality of life.

An installation recreates the test tubes and containers of the Spanish Algae Bank in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, a unique enclave in the world, where the conditions are met to maintain a large reserve of biomass from the sea, whose cultures are available to numerous researchers from all sectors.

Alongside it, a series of screens will report on the advances this is facilitating in five cutting-edge fields:

- Biofuels and energy (renewable and sustainable energy sources that can replace fossil fuels);
- Pharmacology (through access to bioactive compounds present in algae and other marine species, which can open up new and revolutionary avenues for addressing diseases that remain major challenges);
- Production of products for human consumption (to meet the nutritional needs of a constantly growing population and offset the necessary reduction in consumption of red meat and animal products (milk, etc.);
- Cosmetics (with environmentally friendly, non-polluting, and sustainable products with sun protection, anti-aging, antioxidant properties, etc.);
- Animal feed, which will lead to an end to the exploitation of large areas of rainforest and forests for the cultivation of soybeans and other livestock products.

· Emerge
The final piece escapes scientific intent to become a more artistic vision through an installation that transports us to that magical moment of rising to the surface, an underwater dance that is also a tribute to human diversity, and which serves as a transition to the festive atmosphere of the final part of the exhibition.

3.- GREETINGS FROM SPAIN: EXHIBITION CONTENT AREA
Our journey concludes by inviting visitors on a very special tour of our country, a vibrant, bright, creative, modern, friendly, and innovative place.

With a nod to postcards, which for a long time were the vehicle for travelers to share their experience with those far away, this installation plays with the idea of ​​the selfie and everyday gestures so that visitors, in a joyful and fresh way, can explore art, music, and gastronomy, an enjoyable experience in which sunlight once again dominates everything, in a dialogue between postcards and audiovisual language.

4.- A DIVERSE SPAIN: AREAS FOR PUBLIC USE
After Greetings from Spain, visitors will symbolically arrive in Spain, in a large area that will direct them to the restaurant, the shop, and the activity rooms. This large space connecting the building's various public uses also serves as an alternative entrance to the exhibition and a connection to the Forest of Tranquility.

In this area, through which everyone will pass, a large LED screen is proposed, offering a more detailed look at the cultural, architectural, artistic, landscape, and gastronomic diversity of Spain's different autonomous communities.

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Architects
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Kuroshio Osaka 2025.- Enorme Studio S.L.P., Smart and Green Design, S.L. y Néstor Montenegro Mateos
Local partner.- Front Office Tokio, Han Sekkei.

 

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Project team
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Víctor Criado, Lucía García, Diego García, Alba Gómez, Aureliana Rizzo, Marion Roth.

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Curators
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Paula Roure. Content and Curatorship: Miguel A. Delgado, Eva Villaver, Blanca de la Torre, Crisca73.

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Collaborators
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Museum Design and Graphic Design: Amaya Lausin, Inés Vila, John Lopez.
Audiovisual Creative Direction: Cynthia Gonzalez.
Audiovisual Coordination: Victor Cid.
Technical Direction: @ultralab

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Client
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Acción Cultural Española (AC/E).

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Area
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3.500 m² 

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Dates
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Competition.- 2023.
Exhibition.- 13.04 > 13.10.2025.
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Location
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In the northern area of ​​the Grand Ring, Osaka Expo, Yumeshima Island. M92M+Q7, 1 Chome Yumeshimanaka, Konohana Ward, Osaka, 554-0044, Japan.

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Photography
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ENORME Studio, founded in Madrid in 2016, is the evolution of three co-founders of PKMN Architectures: Carmelo Rodríguez, Rocío Pina and David Pérez. After collaborating for ten years on more than a hundred projects, they have launched this new shared initiative that maintains the same radical approach to architecture. They design and build architectural projects based on industrial systems and typological innovation.

They specialize in the design of mobile systems applied to housing, workspace, and commerce. They have transformed the traditional concept of living into architecture, creating spaces that are easily transformed through simple gestures. They design and implement participatory dynamics in the field of city construction through their creative services platform CIUDAD CREA CIUDAD and the creation of CITIZEN BRAND IDENTITIES. Their goal is to promote alternative ways of addressing urban issues and motivate the creation of a proactive civic culture. They design and apply "Tactical Urbanism" tools that translate teamwork strategies and collective thinking dynamics into the design and management of public and private spaces. Their goal is to return the city to its citizens as an emotional, plural, and relational space.

Among their most notable projects is their collaboration on the Spanish Pavilion for Expo 2025 Osaka, alongside Néstor Montenegro and Smart and Green Design. Selected through a public competition organized by Acción Cultural Española, their proposal, under the motto "The Kuroshio Current," seeks to connect Spain and Japan through a comprehensive experience that combines architecture, art, design, gastronomy, and outreach, using sustainable and low-impact materials.

Other recent projects include the flexible Beyome home in Madrid, a modular system that allows rooms to be reconfigured according to the needs of the inhabitants, and the installation The Theory of Cherries, a playful and colorful proposal that encourages interaction and reflection on public spaces.

ENORME Studio has been recognized for its innovation and commitment to sustainability, participating in various competitions and receiving mentions in specialized publications. Its interdisciplinary and participatory approach continues to position it as a benchmark in contemporary Spanish architecture.

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Smart & Green Design is a Madrid-based architecture studio founded by architect Fernando Muñoz in 2017. The studio is made up of a team specialising in eco-design and environmental auditing of exhibitions, museums, and temporary projects.

Fernando Muñoz is an architect from the ETSAM (Spanish Institute of Architecture) in Madrid in 2002 and a Master's degree in Sustainable Construction from Oxford Brookes University in 2014. He is currently a project lecturer on the Interior Design degree program at the IED (Istituto Europeo di Design) in Madrid.

He has developed an analysis and design methodology based on environmental impact reduction, which was selected as a finalist in the 2015 research awards convened by The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA). He develops protocols for implementing environmental policies in museums and exhibition centers by regulations developed by the international cultural industry, the aim of which is to help governments meet their commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Smart & Green Design is currently focused on the ongoing process of change in the general public's perception of art and culture, designing hybrid "cultural experiences" that combine brand experience with the world of art and culture, designed to appeal to all audiences.

This search for hybrid spaces through the use of technological resources and digital discursive structures has become the hallmark of their projects, leading them to win the competition for the Spanish Pavilion at the Osaka 2025 World Expo. They are also responsible for the "elBulli1846" Museum, a comprehensive museographic project in the heart of Cap de Creus Natural Park, Girona.

Of particular note is the renovation of Seville's iconic Plaza de las Setas, where a "mobile landscape" has been designed to rethink the functions of public space in our cities.

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Extudio is an architectural studio based in Madrid, founded and led by Néstor Montenegro. They are a transversal office dedicated to thought, creation and production of Architecture in several fields such as individual and collective housing, commercial and work spaces, public venues and city infrastructures, interior design and ephemeral installations.

Néstor Montenegro (Madrid, 1975) holds a degree in architecture from the ETSAM (National Technical University of Madrid). After 10 years as a partner at dosmasunoarquitectos, in 2013 he founded EXTUDIO, an architectural practice where he develops his professional activity in various fields related to architecture: from design to dissemination, publishing and curating, research, and teaching.

He is the designer of widely awarded and publicised buildings, including: 102 homes in Carabanchel (Ecola Awards and Enor Awards 2009), the Social Services Center in Móstoles (Architecture Plus Award 2012, COAM Award 2012, AIT Award – Architektur Innenarchitecktur Technischer Ausbau Hamburg 2012, Arquia Próxima Award 2012), and the Municipal Library and Theater of Boadilla del Monte (COAM Award 2022, XIV BEAU Award 2023, Matcoam Award 2022), all in Madrid.

The Holy Week Museum in Zamora, the Comprehensive Security Center in Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, and the Spanish Pavilion at the 2025 Osaka World Expo are currently under development as winners of first prizes in competitions.

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Published on: April 18, 2025
Cite: "A pavilion that becomes a landscape. Spain Pavilion for Expo 2025 in Osaka" METALOCUS. Accessed
<http://www.metalocus.es/en/news/pavilion-becomes-landscape-spain-pavilion-expo-2025-osaka> ISSN 1139-6415
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